The Romans had realized that a coordinated system of roadways connecting the major areas of their empire would be of prime significance for both commercial and military purposes. In the modern era, the nations of Europe first introduced the concept of highway systems. In France, for example, the State Department of Roads and Bridges was organized…
Wondering how to measure your roof to estimate required material for roof replacement? Here the process of measurement of the roof is described through easy steps. Introduction Taking the measurement of the roof is very important work before buying materials for re-roofing. You can save significant money and time by estimating the cost of required…
Masonry means construction of buildings using building blocks like stone, bricks, concrete blocks etc. Masonry is used for the construction of foundation, plinth, walls and columns. Mortar is the binding material for the building blocks. In this article different types of stone masonry used are explained and points to be observed while supervising stone masonry…
Roof finishing accessories include all types of accessory materials that are used to finish a roof. Flashing, drip edge, and roof drains are all examples of roofing accessories. Roof finishing accessories are widely available for a range of applications and may be chosen for functional, aesthetic, or budgetary reasons. Roofing accessories are largely made from…
Humidity, the amount of water vapour in the air. It is the most variable characteristic of the atmosphere and constitutes a major factor in climate and weather. Atmospheric water vapour is an important factor in weather for several reasons. It regulates air temperature by absorbing thermal radiation both from the Sun and the Earth. Moreover, the higher the vapour content of the atmosphere, the more latent energy is…
Expansion joints are utilized for various vital architectural structures that particularly have a need of these joints. Buildings particularly high rise are exposed to various factors like weather, velocity, seismic activity, etc. An expansion joint is an assembly that is designed to absorb safely expansion and contraction of different construction materials caused by heat. These…
Solution : Line PA lies in 1st quadrant. Quadrant Bearing of PA = N 35o 15’ E Solution : Line PB lies in 2nd quadrant. Quadrant Bearing bearing of PB = S 50o 00’ E Solution : Line PC lies in 3rd quadrant. Quadrant Bearing bearing of PC = S 30o 15’ W Solution : Line PD lies in…
Water cycle, also called hydrologic cycle, cycle that involves the continuous circulation of water in the Earth-atmosphere system. Of the many processes involved in the water cycle, the most important are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff. Although the total amount of water within the cycle remains essentially constant, its distribution among the various processes is…
Whatever the nature of the proposed highway system under consideration, be it a new motorway to link two cities or a network of highway improvements within an urban centre, and whatever planning strategy the decision-makers are adopting (assuming that the strategy involves, to some extent, the construction of new/upgraded roadways), a study must be carried…
Our food comes almost entirely from agriculture, animal husbandry and fishing i.e., – 76% from crop lands, 17% from range lands i.e., meat from grazing livestock and 7% – marine and fresh water i.e., fisheries. The FAO (Food & Agricultural Organization of UN) defines sustainable agriculture as the one which conserves land, water and plant…