Scaffolds and ladders 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS 1. Where work cannot safely be done on or from the ground or from part of a building or other permanent structure, a safe and suitable scaffold should be provided and maintained or other equally safe and suitable provision should be made. 2. Scaffolds should be provided with safe means of access,…
An urban heat island (UHI) is a phenomenon whereby an urban area experiences elevated air temperatures due to anthropogenic modification of the environment and is usually more evident at night. During heat waves the local effect of an UHI is superimposed on the regional temperature field and as a result heat stress is enhanced. Both…
Introduction ‘Level of service’ describes in a qualitative way the operational conditions for traffic from the viewpoint of the road user. It gauges the level of congestion on a highway in terms of variables such as travel time and traffic speed. The Highway Capacity Manual in the US (TRB, 1985) lists six levels of service…
Every day, Americans travel on roads, bridges and highways without considering the safety or reliability of these structures. Yet much of the transportation infrastructure in the U.S. is outdated, deteriorating and badly in need of repair. Of the 614,387 bridges in the U.S., for example, 39% are older than their designed lifetimes, while nearly 10% are structurally…
All buildings should be properly planned, keeping in view the various requirements of a good building. Except strength requirement, all other requirements of a good buildings are taken care at the stage of planning. Strength requirement is taken care during structural design of building components. However in planning the building by-laws of the statutory authorities…
The Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) in effect in the EU is the largest multi-national emissions trading scheme worldwide. Under its jurisdiction are over 10,000 plants that account for almost 50% of the CO2 emissions in the EU and three members of the European Economic Area. EU ETS Explained The EU ETS is a “cap and…
The house is not only a roof, but also a home, the place where it is formed the moral climate and on which lasts the family spirit. UN has classified habitat settlements and identified 10 general functions that every habitat should have. (Recreations and interpretation, Preparing the foods, Eating, Relaxing and Sleeping, Study ,WC, Hygienic…
In the past, detail would have been plotted on paper or a more stable medium such as plastic film. However, today all practical ‘plotting ‘is computer based and there is now an abundance of computer plotting software available that will not only produce a contour plot but also supply three-dimensional views, digital ground models, earthwork…
General The Janbu approach, proposed by Nilmar Janbu in the early 1960s (Janbu 1963; 1965; 1967), and referenced by the Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual, CFEM (1985, 1992), combines the basic principles of linear and non-linear stress-strain behavior. The method applies to all soils, clays as well as sand. By the Janbu method, the relation between…
What is Waste Segregation? Segregation of our waste is essential as the amount of waste being generated today caused immense problem. There are certain items are not Bio Degradable but can be reused or recycled in fact it is believed that a larger portion of the waste can be recycled, a part of can be…