Historical, religious and monumental structures and their susceptibility to damage in recent earthqaukes in Turkey are presented and discussed in this chapter. Turkey has a very large number of historical structures and is located in one of the most seismically active regions of the world. Some of these historical and monumental masonry and reinforced concrete…
Partition concrete blocks are generally used to build partition walls. Partition blocks have larger height than its breadth. Hollow part is divided into two to three components in case of partition blocks. Lintel Blocks Lintel block or beam block is used for the purpose of provision of beam or lintel beam. Lintel beam is generally…
Followings are the specification of stone masonry and with Ashlar Masonry is as below: a) The mortar used in work shall have the strength of not less than 5 N/mm2 or 7.5 N/mm2 at 28 days specified. Mortar shall be fluid, mixed thoroughly and then poured in the joints. b) All stratified stone possessing bedding…
Rail transport is the most important medium of transportation across the globe. Railways not only carry passengers, but they also carry goods, emergency services, and army equipment. This article covers the major characteristics of railway transportation. Railways came into existence as early as 6 B.C. The first railway track was 6 kilometers long and it was used…
Concrete block masonry which is also known as concrete masonry unit (CMU) have advantages over brick and stone masonry. Concrete blocks are manufactured in required shape and sizes and these may be solid or hollow blocks. The common size of concrete blocks is 39cm x 19cm x (30cm or 20 cm or 10cm) or 2…
Our food comes almost entirely from agriculture, animal husbandry and fishing i.e., – 76% from crop lands, 17% from range lands i.e., meat from grazing livestock and 7% – marine and fresh water i.e., fisheries. The FAO (Food & Agricultural Organization of UN) defines sustainable agriculture as the one which conserves land, water and plant…
A large quantity of iron and steel is damaged because of corrosion, causing huge losses that may have been minimized by the adoption of appropriate preventive measures. Corrosion products from oxidation do not adhere to the metal surface, and the resultant pitting deteriorates the structure. What Is Corrosion Corrosion is a natural event that causes…
(i) Chemical properties: Portland cement consists of the following chemical compounds: (a) Tricalcium silicate 3 CaO.SiO2 (C3S) 40% (b) Dicalcium silicate 2CaO.SiO2 (C2S) 30% (c) Tricalcium aluminate 3CaO.Al2O3 (C3A) 11% (d) Tetracalcium aluminate 4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 (C3AF) 11% There may be small quantities of impurities present such as calcium oxide (CaO) and magnesium oxide (MgO). When water is added to cement, C3A is the first…
Metal roofing materials are being used extensively due to their durability, ease of installation, and other favorable characteristics. If the metal roofing materials are correctly selected, installed, and properly maintained, they will have an extended life. Metal Roofing Materials A huge variety of metal roofing materials with different characteristics of weight, color, durability, and cost is currently on…
Minimising defects in plastering work Defects in plastering work can be minimised by following the below mentioned techniques. The brick and plastering work should be carried out by skilled masons in the best workmanship manner. Bond of brick work should be properly maintained. Efflorescence is removed by rubbing brushes on the damaged surface. A solution of…